Age of Discovery Events Before the Industrial Revolution

Age of Discovery Events Before the Industrial Revolution Age of discovery-events leading up to the Industrial Revolution, commenting on the following: currency, colonialism, recession, globilism, financial market, management theories and approaches, relationship between the past and present, economy, technology, revolution and people that contributed to the revolution. This paper presents an overview of the factors within the so-called ‘Age of Discovery’ which engendered the industrial revolution in Britain. Although the industrial ‘revolution’ itself is usually periodised in the period 1750-1850, this is by no means a universally agreed principle. Some authorities, such as Berg, propose that what she terms the age of ‘manufactures’ in fact ranged from 1700-1820. (1) As Berg herself explains, ‘†¦industrial growth took place over the whole of the eighteenth century, not just the last quarter of it. There was a substantial growth in the whole range of traditional industries as well as the most obviously exciting cases of cotton and iron.’ (2) If this position is accepted, the age of discovery was contemporaneous with the industrial revolution. Whatever its precise chronological context, it is argued here that the provenance of the industrialization in Britain lays in a diffuse range of developm ents, many of which are far outside the timeframe of industrialization itself. The ideological framework was shaped during the Reformation and early modern period, which also saw the necessary financial and commercial developments take place. This in turn led to colonial expansion, technological growth, and was re-negotiated after foreign revolutions and cyclical recessions, all of which helped drive Britain’s impetus towards industrial expansion and self-sufficiency. The ideological and economic framework was arguably created by successive developments in sociology and financial infrastructure: the so called ‘elective’ or protestant affinity with the idea of capitalism, and the financial ‘revolution’ which followed on the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The supposed pre-disposition of early modern English society towards particular forms of commercial development was proposed by figures such as R.H.Tawney and Max Weber as an ‘elective affinity’ between the protestant ‘asceticism’ and the spirit of capitalism. (3). Although this remains little more than a much-discussed theory, the economic individualism which became institutionalized in Britain during the late seventeenth century is much more tangible. It is also, arguably, profoundly constructive of the industrial revolution. The foundation of the Bank of England, the East India Company, and the proliferation of other large joint-stock ventures su ch as the South Sea Company, gave Britain both the incentive and the financial power to push out into expanding markets, looking for new commodities and raw materials. As Carruthers explains, ‘Improvements in the system of public borrowing were important in explaining the growing financial strength of the English state†¦dramatic enough to be called a â€Å"Financial Revolution.† England was able to borrow more money†¦at lower rates of interest. The borrowing was mostly from domestic sources†¦thanks to the development of trade and commerce, there was in England a growing pool of available capital.’ (4) The setting up of a large sinking fund was partly justified on the grounds of the continuing need to fund military conflict with European and imperial rivals: ‘†¦improvements in revenues allowed for increased borrowing, and together they underwrote higher expenditures and a successful war effort.’ (5) Unfortunately, the British reali zed that even victorious campaigns were ruinously expensive, as Colley relates: ‘†¦the Seven Years War was the most dramatically successful war the British ever fought. They conquered Canada†¦they assumed for themselves the reputation of being the most aggressive, the most affluent, and the most swiftly expanding power in the world†¦yet the euphoria soon soured†¦there was the hard, unpleasant fact of the National Debt which led inexorably to the rise in taxation.’ (6) However, fiscal control by the British government was itself to be a factor in industrialisation. Britain’s overseas military successes factored in the related developments of colonialism and slavery: both had prominent roles in the capital formation which financed the industrial revolution. Simply put, capital generated in the colonies had been steadily accumulating in Britain since the late seventeenth century, and much of it went into joint-stock companies, investment houses, or often directly into the enterprise and fixed capital itself. Much of it also went back overseas: however, when it did so, it often did so to finance orders for British-manufactured goods which further fanned domestic industrialization. The ‘triangular trade’ in British manufacturing output, African slaves, and West Indian produce ultimately concluded in the accretion of private capital reserves back in the UK, all seeking dividends through land or other investment. As Williams points out, ‘†¦the industrial expansion required finance. What man in the first three-quarters o f the eighteenth century was better able to afford the ready capital than a West Indian sugar planter or a Liverpool slave trader?’ (7) Many of the best known names of Britain’s industrial and commercial scene were the net beneficiaries of capital generated overseas, from either colonial or plantation sources. As Williams again indicates, ‘†¦It was the capital accumulated from the West Indian trade that financed James Watt and the steam engine.’ Engineering luminaries such as Boulton and Watt received advances from established plantation interests, as did the architects of the Great Western Railway: one of the leading banking families to transfer capital from their slave owning activities directly into financial services were the Barclays, precursors to the modern day Barclays bank. (8.) The American War of Independence, the eventual abolition of British slavery, and increased competition form South America eventually meant that these forms of revenue fell into decline. However, as Bayly reports, they were soon replaced, not only by new forms of income from other territories, but by massive n ew markets for raw materials and Britain’s industrial output: ‘†¦by 1815 the nation could celebrate an astonishing, indeed providential, recovery of fortunes.’ (9) It has to be recognised however that the capital accumulating in Britain’s investment houses and stock market did not find its way into a managerially static or vernacular economic arena. The eighteenth century also saw the emergence of a range of management theories and theories of the firm, which were implicit in the rationalization of the commercial and manufacturing enterprise. As Williams puts it, ‘†¦laissez-faire became a practice in the new industry long before it penetrated the text books as orthodox economic theory.’ (10) Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus , Robert Torrens and others fashioned the discipline of economics from the remnants of the former ideas of political arithmetic, producing a technical and predictive framework which combined with new technology to give the UK a new form of economic staple. Classical economics has continued to be re-worked and refined ever since. As Cohen and Cyert point out, ‘For the purposes of the classical theory, the profit maximization assumption may be perfectly adequate. It is clear however, that as one asks a different set of questionsthe profit maximization assumption is neither necessary nor sufficient’ (11) It nevertheless continues to pervade contemporary economic thought. New ideas about the economy were not the only intellectual developments creating change in the age of discovery and industrialisation: they were accompanied by new political ideas with profound implications for British expansion. In Marxist parlance, England’s own ‘bourgeois revolution’ – the middle classes wresting power from monarchical or aristocratic control – had already passed in the form of the English Civil War. In the eighteenth century the American and French Revolutions helped determine the character of British growth by shaping domestic political institutions and providing a further impetus for overseas expansion. There was a sense in which the social, economic and political processes bound up with industrialisation had to break down the protocols associated with monarchical and aristocratic control before the transformation could really be achieved. Capitalism had to supplant mercantilism, tariffs and protectionism had to be removed, mar kets had to be open to competition, and the vested interests who opposed it had to be pushed aside. As Williams expresses it, Adam Smith’s economic tour de force in the Wealth of Nations was ‘ †¦the philosophical antecedent of the American Revolution. Both were twin products of the same cause, the brake applied by the mercantile system on the development of the productive power of England and her colonies.’ Consequently, he adds, ‘Adam Smith’s role was to berate intellectually â€Å"the mean and malignant expedients† of a system which the armies of George Washington dealt a mortal wound on the battlefields of America.’ (12) After the loss of the American colonies, the British government seized upon the idea that, in future, administration needed to be more focused on the needs of the market a the necessary accompaniment to industrial expansion. British goods needed markets, and British government needed expertise to obtain and reta in those markets. As Bayly observes, ‘The disasters of the American Civil War had produced an interlocking network of parliamentary committees with their own experts; so administrations also had to know more and be better prepared.’ (13) Britain’s industrial progress was, however, not uniform or linear in nature. As Bayly reports, ‘†¦deepened by cyclical depressions operating in a more integrated world economy and by the continuing splutter of local wars which often marked the advance of settler capitalism into indigenous societies.’ (14) Britain’s technological and managerial expertise could not insulate it from seemingly inevitable financial crises and recession which, as Hilton reports, plagued it throughout its period of supposed industrial might. ‘There had been monetary and commercial disorders in the eighteenth century†¦1788, 1793, 1797†¦but nothing to compare with the crises of 1825-6, 1837-9, 1847-8, 1857, and 1866.’ Perhaps more important than the empirical details of these crises was their impact upon economic and social thinking, and in particular the way in which blame was apportioned for such disasters. A Hilton again explains, ‘†¦contemp orary analysis concentrated on two†¦types of explanation†¦.monetary mismanagement by government or Bank of England, and human avarice and greed.’ (15) The deep and pernicious nature of these crises eventually prompted the creation of the economic governance which still prevails today. In the 1770’s, the Bank of England note replaced the private bank notes which had circulated previously. (16). However, a more unified financial system meant that financial crises were themselves more pervasive and all-embracing. Limited liability legislation, as well as regulation of monopolies, mergers, and competition, helped protect individuals from the worst effects of economic downturns. What the industrial revolution and associated market creation implied for the UK business community was a increasingly close relationship with a globalizing economy. The enormous wealth created by this – for some individuals – meant that the economy was now vulnerable to uphe avals far beyond the control of the London stock market or government. This, arguably, encapsulates the single clearest link between the society which shaped the industrial revolution and contemporary social conditions: i.e., the individuals whose contributions are most important to industrialization were those with the least stake in its benefits. Academic debates as to whether or not a genuine ‘class consciousness’ was engendered by the industrial revolution are, ultimately, inconclusive. Few can realistically deny, however, that industrialisation demanded a massive influx of skilled, semi-skilled, but overwhelmingly unskilled labour, whom technological production could deprive of a skilled wage. As Gray points out, ‘Industrial change was associated with crises of gender and class relations, and struggles over factory regulation can be seen in the context of a gendered class consciousness.’ (17). In other words, both men and women realized that their livelihoods and earning power in an industrial context depended upon whether or not their work was defined as skilled. De-skilling was, it may be argued, the necessary precursor to the enormous industrial profits generated in the factory system: significant surplus value, the disparity between the amount spent to produce an item, and the amount it sold for – could only be maintained at a realistic level if costs were low and margins were wide. It was therefore no accident that unskilled female and child labour were highly significant in populating the new factory system which remains the emblematic representation of the industrial revolution in Britain. The same processes of de-skilling, and an essentially exploitative relationship, arguably feature in the new globalization taking place in the contemporary economy. It is interesting to speculate on whether these common relations of production, the taproot of collectivized and organized labour movements, will produce a new variant on the trade unionism thrown up by the domestic British industrial revo lution. The same may be asked of official intervention in the manufacturing process. As Gray points out, ‘Attempts to regulate factory employment can be traced back, almost to the beginnings of factory production itself. The restructuring of labour markets and employment relations during†¦.indutrialisation was accompanied by a series of overlapping debates about protective labour laws, the poor laws and statutory or customary controls over wages, prices, and commercial practice.’ (18) This historical process is arguably on-going, as successive waves of de-skilled labour are moved around the globalizing economy to meet fluctuating demand, often in uncontrolled conditions. The practices of child and female labour may have stopped in the domestic economy, but they have by no means been eliminated from the global arena. This is notwithstanding the appearance of ‘Third Way’ economics, and the supposed elimination of class difference. Footnotes 1.) Berg, M., (1994), The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820, Routledge, London, p.2. 2.) Ibid., p.281. 3.) Robertson, H.M., (1933), Aspects of the Rise of Economic Liberalism: A Criticism of Max Weber and His School, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.208. 4.) Carruthers, B.G., (1996), City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution, Princeton University Press, NJ, p.71. 5.) Ibid., p.69. 6.) Colley, L., (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Pimlico, London.  p.101 7.) Williams, E., (1964), Capitalism and Slavery, Andre Deutsch, London. p.98. 8.) Ibid., pp.101-105. 9.) Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London, p.3. 10.) Williams, op.cit., p.106. 11.) Cohen, K.J., and Cyert, R.M., (1965), Theory of the Firm: Resource Allocation in a Market Economy , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 12.) Williams, op.cit., p.107. 13.) Bayly, op.cit., p.161. 14. ) Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London, p.238. 15.) Hilton, B., (1988), The Age of Atonement: the influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1783-1865, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.125. 16.) Bayly, op.cit., p.116. 17.) Gray, R.Q., (1996), The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830-1860, Cambridge University Press, Canbridge, p.24. 18.) ibid., p.21. Bibliography Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London. Berg, M., (1994), The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820, Routledge, London. Carruthers, B.G., (1996), City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution, Princeton University Press, NJ. Cohen, K.J., and Cyert, R.M., (1965), Theory of the Firm: Resource Allocation in a Market Economy , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Colley, L., (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Pimlico, London. Gray, R.Q., (1996), The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830-1860, Cambridge University Press, Canbridge. Hilton, B., (1988), The Age of Atonement: the influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1783-1865, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Jennings, H., (1985), Pandemonium: the Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers, Picador, London. Robertson, H.M., (1933), Aspects of the Rise of Economic Liberalism: A Criticism of Max Weber and His School, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Williams, E., (1964), Capitalism and Slavery, Andre Deutsch, London.

Focus Bpr from Dell Inc.

Focus BPR from Dell Inc. In recent centuries, market conditions are changing all the time. Tens of thousands of enterprises are faced with severe challenges due to the increasingly fierce competition. The competition makes customers have more choices for commodities as well as higher requests to services. What should companies do for the sake of gaining a foothold and developing their own advantages? Most of them had already found the answer – business process reengineering. Business process reengineering, which also called BPR, is â€Å"the analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises† (Baltzan and Phillips 30).Companies will think over the existing process, redesign the process and then establish new process structures according to customers demand by using advanced manufacturing technology, information technology and modern management means, so as to realize great improvements. One of the BPR cases occurs at Dell Incorporated, one of the largest P C vendors in the world. Unlike the rival Compaq Computer Corporation, which uses a vast network of resellers, Dell sells all its systems directly to its customers (Zuckerman 18).It recently redesigned its computers so that each computer consisting many of the same component parts. The company is able to minimize the inventories it hold in order to reduce the inventory cost. Stocking a few parts instead of large work makes Dell be able to respond quickly to the market condition, for example, emergence of new technology, change of customer demand and overall prices standard. Dell even wants to go further. The company had experienced a new factory in Austin, where the new plant would have nowhere to storage. We believe that if you don’t have any place for inventory, then you won’t have any inventory. † Mr. Dell said (Zuckerman 22). Dell will not begin to produce a machine until it has received an order from customer. They do not have to bother to ponder what clients really need, because customers will tell them directly. When a customer places an order, the custom parts requested by the customer are automatically sent to the manufacturer for shipment (Business Process Reengineering). It can reduce the maintenance cost for inventory.However, BPR could be a double-edged sword. If Dell only builds a machine when customers tell them to, it will take some time. While other computer manufacturers might have already sold several finished products during Dell’s producing period. It needs to weigh between the time value and the inventory cost. The success that Dell achieves owes to the understanding of business process reengineering. Corporations should monitor the existing system and break the traditional organization structure to reengineer so as to make great improvements in cost, quality and service.Works Cited Baltzan, Paige and Amy Phillips. Business Driven Technology. Ed. Carrie Braun. 4th. Springfield: Missouri State University, 2010. Bu siness Process Reengineering. 2008. . Zuckerman, Laurence. Do Computers Lift Productivity? It's Unclear, But Business Is Sold. 2 January 1997. 2 January 1997 ;http://www. nytimes. com/1997/01/02/business/do-computers-lift-productivity-it-s-unclear-but-business-is-sold. html? pagewanted=all;src=pm;.

Factual Essay Topics Tips & Guide

Factual Essay Topics Tips & Guide What to Expect From Factual Essay Topics? Other forms of factual writing, called feature stories, describe a collection of related events over a predetermined time period from the view of numerous men and women, places and things that are involved with the continuing event, like a political campaign. There are endless advantages of social networking. The social issues associated with sports ought to be the obligation of the sports management and not players. The business related to sports ought to be under the realms of the government of the nation. While writing your introduction, you will want to concentrate on some important areas. Organization within the writing procedures can help you to be more focused about what to talk about first and what things to provide importance and focus on. As an example, English, an international and efficient language, demands that each and every man or woman should have a command over it. You have to make sure the language you will use is formal and business-like. The matter has to be directly addressed in the start to find the reader's interest. Also though you'll have a lot of details here, the section is not as technical. As it's such a huge subject, you are going to want to narrow your paper down to a particular angle. It is possible to make a more original bit of writing. The Rise of Factual Essay Topics Much like any other types of essays, there aren't any strict rules that are irreplaceable. Getting in a position to immerse yourself in writing an official essay in the best manner is able to help you grow as a writer. In a definition essay, there are a few fundamental guidelines that you will have to follow. If you'll be in a position to present the significant goal of your essay and the true point of discussion, then it will be less difficult for you to connect with your readers. Subsequently, essay was defined in various ways. You've got to compose an informative essay. Don't panic if you are not able to get your descriptive essay right. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. The History of Factual Essay Topics Refuted Factual reports analyze and describe a circumstance and include a great deal of accurate data. It is going to also indicate who's receiving the factual report. In spite of the truth, that there are lots of kinds of dictionaries you may use to correct yourself, the modern world doesn't enable you to devote time on thorough grammar correction. The ability to supply information in various contexts is vital to effective communication. Think about the point to which you should provide background info or define technical terms. You have to create a suitable connection with your readers that's the main reason why your language is extremely important to be considered. Again, concentrate on the principal information which you would like to speak about so that your readers won't be misled concerning the content of your formal essay. You will need to provide your readers enough information so that they fully see what you're writing about. Explaining how to spend less by utilizing open-source texts and internet textbook rental websites would result in an extremely informative essay. There are lots of formats of write up and you have to understand the fundamental differences about them so you can write whatever you are requested to write. As an example, let's say you decide on the very first topic from our list. Okay, now you have the fundamentals about how to go for an informative essay topic, let's dig into some fantastic ideas! How to Get Started with Factual Essay Topics? To be able to live a joyful life, you will need money. With the aid of money, you can purchase anything you want and need not ask others for it. Yes, money might not be ev erything but it's the means to attain happiness in life. From purchasing the essential stuff to paying the fee for your children, renting the house, you require money for everything.

Daycares Should not be Allowed to Give Toddlers Milk - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1412 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Health Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Children Essay Did you like this example? There has been an issue on whether the children in daycares should be given breast milk or formulas. This is an issue that has brought about mixed reactions from various scientists, daycare providers as well as some mothers. Not everyone advocates for the idea of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Daycares Should not be Allowed to Give Toddlers Milk" essay for you Create order While some mothers have adopted using whole milk and formulas for their toddlers some claim that they actually prefer breastfeeding and others even delay the weaning process. Daycare providers who are against the idea of mothers providing expressed milk have given various issues on why they are adamant to the idea. Again turning to the scientists in many cases they insist on exclusive breastfeeding if the mothers are in a position to do so owing to the multiple benefits of the milk to the baby. Others on the other side claim it is important but not necessary especially in settings that formula can be used. What does the government say? Policies have are for the idea of breastfeeding and even offer more incentives for those mothers who breastfeed. Additionally, there is no policy that prohibits children in daycares from taking the breast-milk. The dilemma comes in for parents who want to enroll their toddlers in daycares, should their children be allowed to continue taking their expre ssed milk or should they adapt to formulas? Mothers who are separated from their infants face a great deal of stress under the best of circumstances. The use, storage, and handling of their breast milk in daycare settings should not become another burden of concern for them. Breast milk is the best nutrition and health protection for the baby, whether it is delivered directly through nursing at mothers breast or from a bottle by a caring child care provider. This was La Leche Leagues statement to daycare providers. This is a clear summary of the feelings of most mothers who have chosen to exclusively breastfeed. Every mother has a right to their toddlers feeding and nutrition habits and therefore imposing restrictions is actually going against their rights. Despite the fact that those who are against their children taking formulas have a choice to take their toddlers to schools with more friendly policies, they shouldnt be discriminated in any way. Actually, the law states their choice and protects their right to breastfeed cl early under the federal Sex Discrimination Act 1984. According to the law any daycare provider profit or non-profit cannot refuse an application or fail to offer places for the children who are breastfed, has no permission to ask the mother to stop breastfeeding when a child joins daycare, must let the mother to either provide expressed milk or breastfeed in their premises, has to feed your child on breast milk if thats what you please and support the mother in this as long as the child is in their hands. Some daycares today are for the idea that children adapt formulas and other supplements and actually start taking solids after the age of 6 months. However, Section 407.210 item #21 of the Administrative Code for IL State Daycare Licensing Standards states very clearly that Children between 1 and 2 years of age who are not on human milk or infant formula shall be served whole milk unless low-fat milk is recommended in writing by the childs medical provider. This is a clear indication that a toddler whose mother provides expressed mil k then the formulas shouldnt be given in place of this milk or even as a supplement. Some daycares raise concerns that other babies may take the expressed milk that is not from their mothers. They claim that such accidents occur especially when the expressed breast milk is in open cups. That is an issue but not strong enough to deny these mothers their rights. Just like it is a concern for children with allergies for cow milk to be provided with alternative milk so it is such an issue. Others complain of babies who have issues with bottles but that a slight issue that can be solved by either spoon feeding the child or asking the parent to provide a Sippy-cup. Therefore this a supervision concern and not a policy concern. Daycares against breast milk for toddlers ask for notes from pediatricians if the child must be on special diet. In the first place breast milk is actually a necessity for a toddler hence no medical notes are required even the policies dont state anything of the sort. Most management has misunderstood the USDA program that underwrites the cost of food and labor for children at daycares and other institutions even for adults too. This should not be the case since the USDA is very clear with its policies. After the age of 12 months, the USDA specifies that the child be fed whole milk (which the USDA assumes will be whole cowu2019s milk), but the FDA notes that u201cBreastmilk meets the requirement of a milk substitute and can be served to children over the age of 12 months.u201d Mom may need to have a note on file saying that she is providing expressed breast milk for her child (a medical statement is not required), and the facility will need to document that the parent provided breast milk (or any other foods) so they will get credit for having provided the proper foods even if they did not purchase all of them. There are other complains from the daycare providers pertaining the same issue. They claim that for the toddler room is the last place that a teacher would want to be. Constant attention is required for each child, they to be fed at the right in the correct time spans and the teacher has to ensure that all requests by parents have been met. Additionally, the teacher has to take notes on the progress of the toddlers just in case there is anything that the parent needs know. They also have to ensure that diapers are often changed. As a result of these tasks, many will complain that having a child who is not taking formulas means more task for the teacher since in some daycares separate labeling of the milk bottles has to be done. Also, the teachers are also instructed to wear gloves when handling breast milk in such daycares. It is irrefutable that the teachers in daycares have lots to do but some of the extra restrictions are uncalled for. Additionally, the daycares could consider ha ving only a manageable number of toddlers. There are also cases where the daycares claim that the milk provided is insufficient. In most cases, the babies tend to take more formula than they do with breast milk. Some providers start pressurizing parents of such babies to adapt the formulas on grounds that the milk they put on the bottles is not enough. The mothers know what is best for their babies some do not want the stomachs of their toddler stretched by lots of milk. Actually what is important is the amount of nutrition, therefore, the pressure should not be there. Breast milk remains the best food for a toddler. Daycares should not in any way prohibit mothers from providing expressed breast milk for their toddlers. Not only does this milk reduce the chances of getting infections like ear infections for toddlers but also provides sufficient nutrition for the child. Though science doesnt give unequivocal study on exclusive breastfeeding, a mother who chooses to do so should be left unquestioned. Daycares should let mothers choose what is right for their babies. All the excuses given are concerns about supervision and management hence the ball is more in their court. Work Cited Thompson, Amanda L., et al. Milk-and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 5 (2015). Monsivais, Pablo, Shannon Kirkpatrick, and Donna B. Johnson. More nutritious food is served in child-care homes receiving higher federal food subsidies. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111.5 (2011): 721-726. Moon, Rachel Y., Lauren Kotch, and Laura Aird. State child care regulations regarding infant sleep environment since the Healthy Child Care America-Back to Sleep campaign. Pediatrics 118.1 (2006): 73-83. Basrowi, Ray W., et al. Benefits of a dedicated breastfeeding facility and support program for exclusive breastfeeding among workers in Indonesia. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology nutrition 18.2 (2015): 94-99. Foss, Katherine A. Breastfeeding Promotion, Formula Marketing and the Role of Health Professionals. Breastfeeding and Media. Springer International Publishing, 2017. 81-102.